1. Tjaden, Patricia, and Nancy Thoennes (1998). Stalking in America: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

2. This bulletin focuses on state stalking laws. For the federal interstatestalking law, see 18 U.S.C. § 2261A (2001).

3. National Criminal Justice Association (1993). Project To Develop a Model Anti-Stalking Code for States. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. To receive a copy of the final report of this project, contact the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 1–800–851–3420 and ask for publication NCJ 144477.

4. For more indepth information on the problem of stalking, see Stalking and Domestic Violence: The Third Annual Report to Congress Under the Violence Against Women Act, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Violence Against Women Grants Office, 1998.

5. MICH. STAT. ANN. § 28.643(8) (2000).

6. 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/12-7.3 (2001).

7. MD. ANN. CODE art. 27, § 124 (2001).

8. HAW. REV. STAT. §§ 711-1106.4, -1106.5 (2000).

9. CONN. GEN. STAT. §§ 53a-181d, -181e (2001).

10. WIS. STAT. ANN. § 940.32 (2000).

11. ARK. STAT. ANN. § 5-71-229 (2001); MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 265, § 43 (2001).

12. N.J. STAT. ANN. § 2C:12-10 (2001).

13. For example, CAL. PENAL CODE § 646.9 (Deering 2001); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3438 (2000).

14. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3438 (2000). See also KY. REV. STAT. § 508.150 (2001); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 17-A, § 210-A (2000); MISS. CODE ANN. § 97-3-107 (2001).

15. N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 633:3-a (2000).

16. N.M. STAT. ANN. § 30-3A-3 (2000).

17. WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 9A.46.110 (2001).

18. The specific terms are subject to the interpretation of each state's courts.

19. State v. Neuzil, 589 N.W.2d 708 (Iowa 1999); State v. Cardell, 318 N.J. Super. 175, 723 A.2d 111 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1999).

20. For example, ARK. STAT. ANN. § 5-71-229 (2001).

21. People v. Bailey, 167 Ill. 2d 210, 657 N.E.2d 953 (1995).

22. For example, ALA. CODE § 13A-6-91 (2001); N.M. STAT. ANN. § 30-3A-3.1 (2000).

23. For example, ARK. STAT. ANN. § 5-71-229 (2001) (stalking in the first degree).

24. For example, VT. STAT. ANN. § 13-1063 (2001).

25. For example, FLA. STAT. § 784.048 (2000).

26. Commonwealth v. Schierscher, 447 Pa. Super. 61, 668 A.2d 164 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1995).

27. Connally v. General Construction Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391, 46 S. Ct. 126, 70 L. Ed. 322 (1926).

28. State v. Cardell, 318 N.J. Super. 175, 723 A.2d 111 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1999).

29. People v. White, 212 Mich. App. 298, 536 N.W.2d 876 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995).

30. State v. Martel, 273 Mont. 143, 902 P.2d 14 (1995); State v. McGill, 536 N.W.2d 89 (S.D. 1995).

31. State v. Dario, 106 Ohio App. 3d 232, 665 N.E.2d 759 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995).

32. State v. Randall, 669 So.2d 223 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995).

33. State v. Dario, 106 Ohio App. 3d 232, 665 N.E.2d 759 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995).

34. State v. Lee, 135 Wash. 2d 369, 957 P.2d 741 (1998); People v. Zamudio, 293 Ill. App. 3d 976, 689 N.E.2d 254 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997).

35. State v. Schleirermacher, 924 S.W.2d 269 (Mo. 1996).

36. State v. Martel, 273 Mont. 143, 902 P.2d 14 (1995).

37. Id.

38. State v. McGill, 536 N.W.2d 89 (S.D. 1995).

39. Woolfolk v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 840, 447 S.E.2d 530 (Va. Ct. App. 1994); Salt Lake City v. Lopez, 313 Utah Adv. Rep. 26, 935 P.2d 1259 (Utah Ct. App. 1997).

40. State v. Martel, 273 Mont. 143, 902 P.2d 14 (1995).

41. People v. Baer, 973 P.2d 1225 (Colo. 1999).

42. Johnson v. State, 264 Ga. 590, 449 S.E.2d 94 (1994).

43. State v. Lee, 135 Wash. 2d 369, 957 P.2d 741 (1998).

44. People v. Tran, 47 Cal. App. 4th 253, 54 Cal. Rptr. 2d 650 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996).

45. State v. Norris-Romine, 134 Or. App. 204, 894 P.2d 1221 (Or. Ct. App. 1995).

46. State v. Bryan, 259 Kan. 143, 910 P.2d 212 (1996).

47. State v. Rucker, 1999 Kan. LEXIS 410 (1999).

48. Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285, 290 n. 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

49. Commonwealth v. Kwiatkowski, 418 Mass. 543, 637 N.E.2d 854 (1994).

50. State v. Fonseca, 670 A.2d 1237 (R.I. 1996).

51. United States v. Smith, 685 A.2d 380 (App. D.C. 1996).

52. State v. Rooks, 266 Ga. 528, 468 S.E.2d 354 (1996).

53. Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry, A Report From the Attorney General to the Vice President, August 1999, p. 6.

54. CAL. PENAL CODE § 646.9 (Deering 2001).

55. For example, ALASKA STAT. § 12.30.025 (2001); MD. ANN. CODE art. 27, § 616 1/2 (2001).

56. 725 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/110-4, -6.3 (2001).

57. N.J. STAT. § 2C:12-10.1 (2001).