1. CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 527.8 (2001).

2. ME. REV. STAT. ANN. § 5-4653 (2000).

3. For example, ALASKA STAT. § 11.56.740 (2001); ARK. STAT. ANN. § 9-15-207 (2001); CAL. PENAL CODE § 273.6 (Deering 2001); CONN. GEN. STAT. § 46b-15 (2001); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10, § 1046 (2000); HAW. REV. STAT. §§ 580-10, 604-10.5 (2000); 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. § 5/12-30 (2001); IND. CODE ANN. § 35-46-1-15.1 (Burns 2000); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3843 (2000); ME. REV. STAT. tit. 22, § 4036-A (2000); MASS. ANN. LAWS ch. 208, §§ 34C, D (Law. Co-op. 2001); MINN. STAT. § 609.748 (2000); MISS. CODE ANN. § 97-3-107 (2001); NEB. REV. STAT. § 28-311.09 (2001); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 50B-4.1 (2001); N.D. GEN. STAT. § 14-07.1-13 (2000); OKLA. STAT. § 22-60.6 (2000); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-19.1 (2001); S.D. CODIFIED LAWS ANN. § 22-19A-16 (2000); TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.07 (Vernon 2000); UTAH CODE ANN. § 77-36-2.5 (2000); VA. CODE §§ 16.1-253.2, 18.2-60.4 (2000); WASH. REV. CODE § 10.14.170 (2001); WYO. STAT. § 6-4-404 (2000).

4. For example, CAL. PENAL CODE § 136.2 (Deering 2001); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 11, § 3536 (2000); GA. CODE ANN. § 30-5-5 (2000); HAW. REV. STAT. § 710-1077 (2000); IOWA CODE § 236.14 (2001); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3835 (2000); MD. ANN. CODE art. 27, § 763 (2001); MINN. STAT. § 609.748 (2000); MO. REV. STAT. § 491.610 (2001); N.J. REV. STAT. § 2C:28-5.2 (2001); N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 530.13 (2001); 18 PA. CONS. STAT. § 4955 (2000); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 11-32-6 (2001); WASH. REV. CODE § 10.14.120 (2001); WIS. STAT. § 940.48 (2001).

5. For example, 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. § 720-5/12-30 9 (2001); TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.07 (Vernon 2000); WASH. REV. CODE §§ 10.99.040, .050 (2001).

6. For example, ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-2921.01 (2001) (aggravated harassment); MICH. STAT. ANN. § 28.643(9) (Law. Co-op. 2000) (aggravated stalking).

7. IND. CODE ANN. § 35-46-1-15.1 (Burns 2000).

8. CONN. GEN. STAT. § 46b-15 (2001).

9. Commonwealth v. Majeed, 548 Pa. 48, 694 A.2d 336, aff’d, 704 A.2d 163 (Pa. 1997).

10. People v. Kelley, 60 Cal. Rptr. 2d 653, rev’d and remanded on other grounds, 52 Cal. App. 4th 568 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997); Commonwealth v. Burge, 947 S.W.2d 805 (Ky. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 971 (1997); State v. Bowen, 560 N.W.2d 709 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997); State v. Gonzales, 123 N.M. 337, 940 P.2d. 185 (N.M. Ct. App. 1997), cert. denied; Estrada v. State, 1997 WL 331996 (Tex. Ct. App. 1997) (unpublished opinion). For more indepth discussion of these cases, see A. Perry and N. Lemon (Dec./Jan. 1998), “Five States Hold Criminal Contempt Does Not Bar Later Prosecution on Double Jeopardy Grounds,” Domestic Violence Report, Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, Inc., p. 19.

11. HAW. REV. STAT. §§ 580-10, 604-10.5 (2000).

12. IOWA CODE § 236.14 (2001).

13. 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. § 5/12-30 (2001).

14. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-6-803.5 (2000).

15. For example, MO. REV. STAT. § 491.610 (2000); N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW §§ 530.12, .13 (2001); 18 PA. CONS. STAT. § 4955 (2000).

16. DEL. CODE ANN. 10 § 1046 (2000).

17. HAW. REV. STAT. §§ 580-10, 604-10.5 (2000); MASS. ANN. LAWS ch. 209A, § 7 (Law. Co-op. 2001); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-19.1 (2001).

18. WASH. REV. CODE ANN. § 10.99.040 (2001).

19. ALA. CODE § 12-15-155.

20. MASS. ANN. LAWS ch. 208, § 34D, ch. 209, § 32, ch. 209A, § 5A, 7, ch. 209C, § 15 (Law. Co-op. 2001).

21. MASS. ANN. LAWS ch. 209A, § 7 (Law. Co-op. 2001).

22. Cochran, Donald (July 1994). Project History of the Massachusetts Statewide Automated Restraining Order Registry, Boston, MA: Office of the Commissioner of Probation, Massachusetts Trial Court.

23. Adams, Sandra (December 1999). Domestic Violence Special Report: Serial Batterers, Probation Research Bulletin, Boston, MA: Office of the Commissioner of Probation, Massachusetts Trial Court.

24. For example, ALA. CODE § 18.65.540 (2001); ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-3602 (2000); CAL. FAM. CODE § 6380 (Deering 2001); COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-6-803.7 (2000); FLA. STAT. § 741.30 (2000); LA. REV. STAT. § 46:2136.2 (2000); N.D. CENT. CODE § 12-60-23 (2000); W. VA. CODE § 48-24-12 (2000).

25. CAL. PENAL CODE § 13701 (Deering 2001); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 22-2307 (2000); KY. REV. STAT. § 403.783 (2001); S.D. CODIFIED LAWS ANN. § 23-3-39.8 (2000).

26. For more indepth analysis of this issue, see Zorza, Joan (Dec./Jan. 1997). “The Implications of Full Faith and Credit for Protective Orders,” Domestic Violence Report, Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, Inc.

27. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2265, 2266 (2001).

28. For example, ALA. CODE § 30-5-4 (2001); ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-3602 (2000); ARK. STAT. ANN. § 9-15-302 (2001); CAL. FAM. CODE § 6380.5 (Deering 2001); FLA. STAT. § 741.315 (2000); IOWA CODE § 236.19 (2001); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-3843 (2000); KY. REV. STAT. § 403.7527 (2001); LA. REV. STAT. § 46:2136 (2000); MASS. ANN. LAW ch. 209A, § 5A (Law. Co-op. 2001); MD. FAM. LAW CODE ANN. § 4-508.1 (2001); MISS. CODE ANN. § 93-21-13 (2001); MO. REV. STAT. § 455.067 (2001); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 173-B:11-b (2000); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2919.272 (2001); 23 PA. CODE STAT. § 6118 (2001); S.C. CODE ANN. § 20-4-140 (2000); TENN. CODE ANN. § 36-3-622 (2001); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-6-12 (2000); 15 VT. STAT. ANN. § 1108 (2001); W. VA. CODE § 48-2A-3 (2000); WIS. STAT. § 806.247 (2000).

29. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-6-803.8 (2000).

30. MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-15-301 (2000).

31. KY. REV. STAT. § 403.7521 (2001).

32. KY. REV. STAT. § 403.771 (2001).

33. KY. REV. STAT. § 403.751 (2000).

34. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-6-803.8 (2000).

35. ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-3602 (2000).

36. 28 U.S.C. § 534 note (2001).

37. Supra note 22, at 19.

38. COLO. REV. STAT. §§ 18-1-1001, 19-2-707 (2000).

39. COLO. REV. STAT. § 16-3-402 (2000).

40. Id.

41. COLO. REV. STAT. § 13-1-136 (2000).

42. LA. REV. STAT. § 46:2136.2 (2000).

43. KY. REV. STAT. § 403.737 (2001).

44. N.J. REV. STAT. § 2C:12-10.1 (2001).

45. Id.

46. CONN. GEN. STAT. § 53a-40e (2001).

47. CAL. PENAL CODE § 646.9 (Deering 2001).

48. IOWA CODE § 708.12 (2001).