Notes

1. Miller, Ted, Mark Cohen, and Brian Wiersema (1996). Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, p. 1.

2. National Association of Crime Victim Compensation Boards (1999). Program Directory, Alexandria, VA: National Association of Crime Victim Compensation Boards, p. 1.

3. ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 17-A, § 1321 (West 2000).

4. ALASKA CONST. art. I, § 24; ARIZ. CONST. art. II, § 2.1; CAL. CONST. art. I, § 28; CONN. CONST. amend. 17(b); IDAHO CONST. art. I, § 22; ILL. CONST. art. I, § 8.1; LA. CONST. art. I, § 25; MICH. CONST. art. I, § 24; MO. CONST. art. I, § 32; N.M. CONST. art. II, § 24; N.C. art. I, § 37; OKLA. CONST. art. II, § 34; OR. CONST. art. I, § 42; R.I. CONST. art. I, § 23; S.C. CONST. art. I, § 24; TENN. CONST. art. I, § 35; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 30; WIS. CONST. art. I, § 9(m). Additionally, Montana recently adopted a constitutional amendment broadening the principles on which laws for the punishment of crime are based to include restitution to crime victims. MONT. CONST. art. II, § 28.

5. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 775.089 (West 2000).

6. CONN. GEN. STAT. § 53a-28 (2000); NEV. REV. STAT. § 176.033 (2001).

7. OR. REV. STAT. § 137.106 (1999).

8. As examples, see IDAHO CODE § 19-5304 (Michie 2000); MD. ANN. CODE art. 27, § 807 (2001); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 15A-1340.36 (2000).

9. People v. Valdez, 24 Cal. App. 4th 1194, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 4. (1994, 5th Dist.). See also State v. Barrs, 172 Ariz. 42, 43, 833 P.2d 713 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1992): “The right of restitution belongs to the victim. We know of no authority that would grant the state or the court the option of not pursuing a restitution order in the absence of a waiver by the victim.” However, in an Indiana case, the court found that the trial court was prohibited from ordering restitution where restitution had not been part of the plea agreement. In that state, the ordering of restitution is not required but is in the court’s discretion. Indiana law also clearly states that once the court accepts a plea agreement, it is bound by the terms of the agreement. Sinn v. State, 693 N.E.2d 78 (Ind. App. 1998).

10. OKLA. STAT. tit. 22, § 991f (2000).

11. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 775.089 (West 2000).

12. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 784.08 (West 2000).

13. MINN. STAT. § 518B.01 (2000); UTAH CODE ANN. § 77-36-5.1 (2000).

14. MONT. CODE ANN. § 45-5-503 (2000); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 (Vernon 2000).

15. CAL. PENAL CODE § 422.95 (Deering 2001).

16. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-6-401.4 (2000).

17. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-3-414 (2000).

18. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 8-1019 (2000).

19. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 266, § 37E (2001).

20. 18 PA. CONS. STAT. § 1106 (2000).

21. Id.

22. MONT. CODE ANN. § 46-18-243 (2000).

23. IND. CODE ANN. § 35-50-5-3 (Michie 2000); MICH. STAT. ANN. § 27.3178(598.30) (Law. Co-op. 2000).

24. For example, ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 17-A, § 1324 (West 2000); WIS. STAT. § 973.20 (2000).

25. ALASKA STAT. § 12.55.045 (Michie 2001). See also MICH. STAT. ANN. § 28.1073 (Law. Co-op. 2000).

26. People v. McDaniel, 219 A.D. 2d 861, 631 N.Y.S.2d 957 (4th Dept. 1995), appeal denied, 88 N.Y.2d 850, 644 N.Y.S.2d 697, 667 N.E.2d 347 (1996).

27. For example, see FLA. STAT. ANN. § 775.089 (West 2000); 730 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/5-5, -6 (2001); WASH. REV. CODE § 9.94A.140 (2001).

28. IDAHO CODE § 19-5304 (Michie 2000).

29. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 775.089 (West 2000).

30. ALA. CODE § 15-18-66 (2001); People v. Nguyen, 23 Cal. App. 4th 32, 28 Cal. Rptr. 2d 140, modified on other grounds, reh’g denied, 23 Cal. App. 4th 1306e (6th Dist. 1994).

31. State v. Russell, 126 Idaho 38, 878 P.2d 212 (Ct. App. 1994).

32. CAL. PENAL CODE § 1202.4 (Deering 2001).

33. In re Erika V., 983 P.2d 768; 297 Adv. Rep. 55 (1999).

34. N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 651:62 (2000).

35. MICH. STAT. ANN. § 28.1073 (Law. Co-op. 2000).

36. State v. Spears, 184 Ariz. 277, 292, 908 P.2d 1062 (1996).

37. State v. Blanton, 173 Ariz. 517, 520, 844 P.2d 1167 (Ct. App. 1993).

38. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 266, § 37E (2001).

39. CAL. PENAL CODE § 1202.4 (Deering 2001). See also IDAHO CODE § 19-5304 (Michie 2000); KY. REV. STAT. ANN. § 532.164 (Michie 2001); UTAH CODE ANN. § 76-3-201 (2000).

40. State v. Mahoney, 115 Or. App. 440, 838 P.2d 1100 (1992), Sup. Ct. review denied, as modified by 118 Or. App. 1, 846 P.2d 413 (1993).

41. CAL. PENAL CODE § 1202.4 (Deering 2001).

42. IOWA CODE § 910.3 (2001).

43. State v. Howard, 168 Ariz. 458, 459–60, 815 P.2d 5 (Ct. App. 1991).

44. WYO. STAT. ANN. § 7-9-103 (Michie 2001).

45. Ault v. State, 705 N.E.2d 1078 (Ind. App. 1999).

46. ALASKA STAT. § 12.55.045 (Michie 2001).

47. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-804(C) (2000).

48. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-804(E) (2000).

49. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 775.089(6) (West 2000). See also Martinez v. State, 974 P.2d 133 (Nev. 1999) (no requirement that court consider defendant’s ability to pay in determining amount of restitution).

50. MINN. STAT. § 611A.04 (2000).

51. COLO. REV. STAT. § 16-11-101.5(6)(a) (2000).

52. Beatty, David, Susan Howley, and Dean Kilpatrick (1996). Statutory and Constitutional Protections for Victims Rights, Arlington, VA: National Center for Victims of Crime, table C-8, p. 39.

53. Id., table D-28, p. 95.

54. For example, see ALA. CODE § 15-23-62 (2001); FLA. STAT. ANN. § 960.001 (West 2000); MISS. CODE ANN. § 99-43-7 (2001); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 109.42 (Anderson 2001).

55. MINN. STAT. § 611A.037; N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 390.30 (McKinney 2001).

56. For example, 725 ILL. COMP. STAT. 120/4.5 (2001).

57. WIS. STAT. § 973.20(13) (2000).

58. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-603(c) (2000).

59. State v. Steffy, 173 Ariz. 90, 93, 839 P.2d 1135 (Ct. App. 1992).

60. OR. REV. STAT. § 137.106 (1999).

61. WIS. STAT. § 973.20(13) (2000).

62. For example, ALASKA STAT. § 12.55.025 (Michie 2001); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 21-4604 (2000); N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 390.30 (McKinney 2001).

63. GA. CODE ANN. § 17-10-1.1 (2000).

64. DEL. FAM. CT. R. CRIM. PROC. 32; OKLA. STAT. tit. 22, § 991f (2000).

65. S.C. CODE ANN. § 16-3-1515 (Law. Co-op. 2000).

66. OKLA. STAT. tit. 22, § 991f (2000). See also R.I. GEN. LAWS § 12-28-9 (2001).

67. See Alan T. Harland, Monetary Remedies for the Victims of Crime: Assessing the Role of the Criminal Courts, 30 UCLA L. Rev. 52-128, at 75–76 (1982).

68. S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 23A-28-3 (Michie 2001).

69. IDAHO CODE § 19-5304 (Michie 2000).

70. People v. Mitchell, 241 Ill. App. 3d 1094, 182 Ill. Dec. 925, 610 N.E.2d 794 (4th Dist. 1993), appeal denied, 152 Ill. 2d 572, 190 Ill. Dec. 903, 622 N.E.2d 1220 (1993).

71. People v. Brooks, 158 Ill. 2d 260, 198 Ill. Dec. 851, 633 N.E.2d 692 (1994).

72. OKLA. STAT. tit. 22, § 991f (2000).

73. Id.

74. CAL. PENAL CODE § 1202.4 (Deering 2001).

75. N.M. STAT. ANN. § 31-17-1 (Michie 2000).