Terrorism and Mass Violence
Acts of international terrorism worldwide against United States'
citizens and property in 2001 included 253 bombings; 41 armed attacks;
36 kidnapings; 5 arsons; 4 acts of vandalism; 3 hijackings; 3 fire
bombings; and 1 assault. (Bureau of Public
Affairs. 2002. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2001. Washington
DC: U.S. Department of State.)
The Department of State reported 348 international terrorist attacks
in 2001 and 4,655 casualties: 277 members of the government, 25
members of the military and 4,353 civilians. (Ibid.)
The Office of Counterterrorism at the State Department has currently
designated 219 terrorist individuals and groups on the continents
of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. (Office
of Counterterrorism,11 October 2002. "Fact Sheet: State Dept.
Updates List of Terrorists Individuals and Groups": U.S. Department
of State.)
Two hundred and seventy people were killed in 1988 in the bombing
of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. (Centre
for Defense and International Security. 1999. CDISS Database:
Terrorist Incidents. Lancaster England: University of Lancaster.)
The World Trade Center was bombed for the first time in 1993 killing
six people and injuring over 1,000. (Ibid.)
In 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was bombed, killing
168 people. (Ibid.)
Suicide bombers attacked United States Embassies in Tanzania and
Kenya in 1998, killing 224 people including 12 Americans. (Ibid.)
The U.S.S. Cole was bombed in the port of Aden in Yemen in 2000,
at which time 17 sailors were killed and 39 were injured. (Ibid.)
Unofficial estimates place economic losses in the United States
from the attacks on September 11th at $2 trillion. (International
Information Programs. September 2002. At-a-Glance: Global Terrorism.
Washington DC: U.S. Department of State.)
There were 3,047 victims of the terrorist attacks on September
11, 2001: 2,175 males and 648 females died at the World Trade Center;
108 males and 71 females died at the Pentagon; and 20 males and
20 females died in the plane crash in Somerset County, PA. (Federal
Bureau of Investigation. 2002. Uniform Crime Reports: Crime
in the United States 2001. Washington DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.)
Seventy-one law enforcement officers were killed in the line of
duty at a result of the attacks on the World Trade Center. (Ibid.)
Twenty percent of adults interviewed who lived in south Manhattan
within several blocks of the World Trade Center during the events
of September 11th reported symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) two
months after the attack. Of those adults interviewed living in
northern Manhattan during the same period, 7.5 percent reported
symptoms of PTSD and 9.7 reported symptoms of depression. (Galea,
S., Ahern, S., Resnick, H., et al. March 2002. "Psychological
Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City." New
England Journal of Medicine. 346. [13].)
A national survey of stress reaction 3-5 days after the attacks
of September 11th found that 44 percent of adults reported one
or more substantial symptoms of stress. Thirty-five percent of
children had one or more symptoms of stress and 47 percent were
worried about their own safety and that of love ones. (Schuster
M., Stein,B., Jaycox, L., et. al. 2001. "A National Survey
of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." New
England Journal of Medicine. 345. [1507].)
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April 6–12, 2003 |
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