NVAA 2000 Text |
Chapter 16 Supplement Financial Crime
The National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC) has completed a significant research
project designed to measure public attitudes regarding such white collar crimes as fraud and
embezzlement, how often American households are victimized by these crimes, and what U.S.
citizens think the government should do to prevent these types of crimes. Although many
surveys have measured public perception of violent crime and victimization, this is the first
survey to measure public views and experiences related to white collar crime. The National
Public Survey on White Collar Crime (Rebovich et al. 2000) was administered between
January and April 1999, to a total of 1,169 U.S. citizens. Questions included:
Major findings include:
The information gathered from The National Public Survey on White Collar Crime (Rebovich
et al. 2000) is highly significant for several reasons:
1. It is clear that the public is sensitive to the ever-increasing threat of white collar crime and
strongly supports the existence and enhancement of control programs as well as stronger
and more stringent punishment of those convicted of white collar crimes.
2. The results represent a challenge to the criminal justice community regarding public
recognition of the behaviors that can precipitate white collar crime victimization and who
should be targeted for such education.
3. Survey results are an impetus for exploring ways to increase the reporting of white collar
crimes to law enforcement agencies, including developing innovative strategies to increase
public awareness of the white collar crime control responsibilities of law enforcement
agencies and increasing the awareness of investigators and prosecutors to keep the public
informed of important white collar initiatives and the extent to which they succeed.
In a recent report to the U.S. Department of Justice, the National Consumers League (NCL)
estimated that telemarketing fraud costs Americans at least $40 billion a year. In 1992, the
NCL commissioned a survey of consumers' experience with telephone-based frauds and found
that 3 percent of the respondents had bought something over the phone that they later believed
was fraudulent. Sixty-two percent said they would not know where to call to find out if the
promotion was legitimate, and one in six said that they found it difficult to resist telephone
sales (NCL 10 January 2000).
Also cited in the NCL report was a 1999 AARP survey designed to assess consumer
experiences in which 17 percent of the respondents believed that they had been the victim of a
serious consumer swindle, 2 percent of which were telemarketing frauds. Of the victims of
telemarketing fraud who had been identified by federal and state law enforcement officials for
the AARP survey, 56 percent were age fifty or older. Further AARP studies indicate that most
elderly fraud victims do not make the connection between illegal telemarketing and criminal
activity; they find it hard to believe that the nice voice on the phone line would steal from
them, and once cheated, they find it difficult to admit that they have been robbed by illegal
telemarketers (NCL 1999).
The top ten telemarketing frauds reported to the National Fraud Information Center in 1998
were:
1. Telephone cramming.
2. Advance fee loans.
3. Telephone slamming.
4. Prizes and sweepstakes.
5. Work-at-home plans.
6. Magazine sales.
7. Credit card offers.
8. Pay-per-call services.
9. Business opportunities/franchises.
10. Travel/vacation offers.
The Internet Fraud Watch (IFW) at the National Consumer League reported on February 14,
2000, that online auctions sales remain the number one Internet fraud for 1999, increasing to
87 percent. Consumers are losing the largest sums of money, however, in the purchase of
computer hardware and software over the Internet. In incidents reported to the IFW, victims
have generally paid for goods with checks and money orders, losing the rights they would
normally have had they used a credit card. Unlike telemarketing fraud and identity theft, the
average age of Internet fraud victims is substantially younger: 23 percent are under thirty; 53
percent are under forty; and 80 percent are under fifty (NCL 14 February 2000).
The ten most frequently reported types of Internet frauds as reported by IFW for 1999 are:
(1) online auctions (by far the most frequently reported scheme); (2) general merchandise
sales; (3) Internet services; (4) computer equipment and software; (5) work-at-home schemes;
(6) advance fee loans; (7) magazines; (8) adult services; (9) travel/vacations; and (10)
pyramid/multilevel marketing schemes. The IFW program received 7,439 reports of fraud in
1998, and in 1999 the complaints increased to 10,660, averaging 890 per month (IFCC 2000).
While the passage of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (18 USC 1028) in
October 1998 marks significant progress, there are at least 400,000 victims of identity theft a
year in this country and the number is growing, according to Beth Givens at the Privacy Rights
Clearinghouse, a nonprofit consumer advocacy program in San Diego. The new legislation
provides no incentives to the credit industry to curb their solicitation and verification practices.
Givens believes that unless the credit industry granting and reporting practices change
dramatically, the rates of identity theft in the United States will remain at epidemic
proportions. "Credit grantors are too eager in their competitive zeal to get new customers, and
they do not adequately check the identities of applicants before granting credit" (Givens 29
August 1999).
Some indication that identity theft is a prominent consumer concern is represented by a Spring
2000 direct mail promotion from the American Express Corporation (AMEX), entitled "Is
Someone Using Your Name to Open Accounts?" Through the services of a financial
information company in Chantilly, Virginia, AMEX has set up a program to monitor for
identity theft for its customers (available for $5.99 a month, charged directly to the AMEX
card). The program provides a three-bureau credit profile; ongoing monitoring of account
activity; and notification reports of any new accounts opened, negative information added, or
significant changes in account status.
As commerce on the Internet grows, law enforcement agencies are observing a growing variety
of fraudulent schemes that use the Internet, either to communicate false or fraudulent
representations to prospective victims or to obtain valuable information or resources necessary
for the success of the schemes. Common Internet fraud schemes include so-called "pyramid
schemes"; entities that purport to be Internet banks that offer above-market rates for deposits;
companies that promise to repair consumers' credit, but then do nothing after taking
consumers' money; companies that purport to offer investments in nonexistent items; and
companies that fraudulently offer to sell Internet-related good and services, or collectible goods
through online auctions. Finally, some fraud schemes combine use of Internet Web sites with
telemarketing "boiler rooms" to enhance direct contact with prospective victims (DOJ 9 March
2000, Appendix B).
While the U.S. Attorney General's Office has discussed strengthening the Computer Fraud and
Abuse Act of 1986 to close loopholes that permit some highly destructive computer hackers to
escape punishment, all of the above mentioned activities may violate one or more of the
general federal criminal statutes dealing with fraud and can be prosecuted. Because these
federal criminal and civil laws make no distinction between fraudulent representations over a
telephone or fax machine and fraudulent representations posted on an online bulletin board or
Web site, federal substantive law appears generally adequate to address Internet fraud. In
addition, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has authority to bring civil actions against
fraudulent Internet schemes under the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive acts or
practices (Ibid.).
INTERNET FRAUD COMPLAINT CENTER
On May 8, 2000, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, jointly with the U.S. Department of
Justice and the National White Collar Crime Center, announced the creation of the Internet
Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC). The IFCC was established to combat the growing problem of
fraud occurring over the Internet by providing a vehicle for victims around the country to
report incidents of fraud online (FBI 8 May 2000). The IFCC mission statement is: "To
develop a national strategic plan to address fraud over the Internet and to provide support to
law enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels of government for fraud that occurs over
the Internet."
Internet fraud is defined as any fraudulent scheme in which one or more components of the
Internet, such as Web sites, chat rooms, and e-mail, play a significant role in offering
nonexistent goods or services to consumers, communicating false or fraudulent representations
about the schemes to consumers, or transmitting victims' funds, access devices, or other items
of value to the control of the scheme's perpetrators (IFCC 2000). Consumers can go to the
secure IFCC Web site <www.ifccfbi.gov> to file complaints directly online. IFCC's
personnel analyze the complaints to determine jurisdiction, conduct appropriate investigation,
and disseminate the information to the appropriate local, state, and/or federal law enforcement
agencies for criminal, civil, or administrative action.
The IFCC is a major step forward in the fight against Internet fraud, an area of white collar
crime that remains largely undefined in terms of scope and magnitude. No one knows the full
extent of the commission of Internet fraud--not all victims report the crimes, and those who do
report, do not report it to one place. The IFCC represents the development of a proactive
strategy to combat Internet fraud through public education and awareness, the availability of a
central repository for the reporting of Internet fraud complaints, and the aggressive analysis,
investigation, and referral to law enforcement of criminal complaints of Internet fraud.
COMPUTER CRIME AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECTION
The cornerstone of the U.S. cybercrime program is the Computer Crime and Intellectual
Property Section (CCIPS) at the U.S. Department of Justice. CCIPS was founded in 1991 as
the Computer Crime Unit and was elevated to a Section in 1996. The CCIPS staff consists of
two dozen lawyers who focus exclusively on the issues raised by computer and intellectual
property crime. Section attorneys advise federal prosecutors and law enforcement agents;
propose and comment upon legislation; coordinate international efforts to combat computer
crime; litigate cases; and train law enforcement groups. Other areas of expertise possessed by
CCIPS attorneys include encryption, electronic privacy laws, search and seizure of computers,
e-commerce, hacker investigations, and intellectual property crimes (Reno 2000).
IDENTITY THEFT
At the National Summit on Identity Theft, on March 15-16, 2000 the U.S. Treasury
Department announced four new initiatives to help combat identity theft:
Chapter 16 Supplement References
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 8 May 2000. Press Release.
Givens, B. 29 August 1999. Identity Theft: How it Happens, Its Impact on Victims, and
Legislative Solutions. Los Angeles CA: 25th Annual Conference, National Organization for
Victim Assistance.
Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC). 2000. <www.ifccfbi.gov>.
National Consumer League (NCL), National Fraud Information Center. 1999. Help for Elderly
People Targeted by Fraud. Citing AARP survey, 1999. <http://www.fraud.org/
elderfraud/elderbroch.htm>.
National Consumers League (NCL). 10 January 2000. Report Concerning Telemarketing and
Internet Fraud. Washington DC: Author.
National Consumers League (NCL). 14 February 2000. "Graph: Age Range for Consumers
Contacting IFW for 1999." Internet Fraud Watch. Washington DC: author.
National Consumers League (NCL). 16 February 2000. Internet Fraud Watch, press release.
Washington DC: Author.
National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC). 26 March 2000. Released FBI statistics.
Morgantown, WV: National White Collar Crime Center.
Rebovich, D. J., J. Layne, J. Jiandani, and S. Hage. 2000. The National Public Survey on
White Collar Crime. Morgantown, WV: National White Collar Crime Center.
Reno, J. February 16, 2000. Testimony by the Attorney General before the United States
Senate Committee on Appropriations.
Titus, R., F. Heinzelmann, and J. M. Boyle. 1995. "Victimization of Persons by Fraud."
Crime and Delinquency 41: 54-72.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ).
January 2000. Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report for FY 1999.
Washington, DC: Authors.
U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ). 9 March 2000. Internet Clearinghouse. <http://www.
usdoj-crm/mis/mdf>.
Zuckerman, M. J. 22 March 2000. "Criminals Hot on Money Trail to Cyberspace." USA
Today.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). 1999. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1998.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
2000 NVAA Text