Title: Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research, 1998. Series: Solicitation Author: NIJ 24 pages 46,000 bytes -------------------------------- Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from NCJRS at 800-851-3420. -------------------------------- U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis, Director March 1998 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research, 1998 Application Deadlines: June 16, 1998, and December 15, 1998 -------------------------------- From the Director Dear Colleague: I am pleased to present the 1998 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research. While NIJ solicits proposals throughout the year for directed research in specific topic areas, this is an open invitation to researchers, practitioners, and technologists to explore innovative topics and techniques to aid in shaping public policies that control crime and enhance justice. In this endeavor, creativity counts. We challenge you to build on the information gleaned from past research and development to shed new light on our efforts to understand and reduce crime. We give you free rein to experiment with practical approaches that will rethink the conventional wisdom and offer alternative means for solving recurring problems. Finally, we invite you to seek collaboration with other organizations and disciplines in testing ideas and approaches that more effectively involve the entire community in building safety and justice. To supplement information in this solicitation on themes and topics addressed by NIJ research and development, please consult Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 1998 Research Prospectus of the National Institute of Justice. Additional information is available at NIJ's Web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij). This call for innovative research presents broad topic outlines, along with specific avenues that could be explored. We ask that you stretch the limits of your imagination to define and confront the challenges ahead. Such efforts will expand our knowledge of crime and justice and aid in formulating sound strategies to lead us into the 21st century. Jeremy Travis Director National Institute of Justice -------------------------------- Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research I. Introduction The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research and development arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. Created by Congress in 1968, the Institute is charged with investing public funds to develop knowledge that will reduce crime, enhance public safety, and improve the administration of justice. Under its enabling legislation, NIJ is authorized to assist State and local justice systems in the following ways: o By conducting and sponsoring basic and applied research into the causes, prevention, and detection of crime. o By sponsoring evaluations of major Federal initiatives concerning crime and justice. o By supporting research, demonstrations, and validations to develop new approaches, techniques, systems, and equipment to improve law enforcement and the administration of justice. o By developing, validating, and evaluating new technologies to deter crime and enhance criminal justice operations. o By making recommendations to Federal, State, and local governments. o By conducting conferences and workshops for criminal justice policymakers and professionals. o By collecting and disseminating both domestic and international criminal justice information obtained by the Institute or other Federal agencies. NIJ's portfolio covers a diverse and dynamic array of research and development topics. Over the course of each year, the Institute's research program evolves as a result of consultations with researchers, technologists and practitioners, State and local policymakers, and partnerships with other public and private organizations. The 1997 NIJ Research Portfolio (Interim), which lists ongoing NIJ research and development through June 1997 with project descriptions, is available. The Institute encourages prospective applicants to consult that publication as well as Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 1998 Research Prospectus of the National Institute of Justice as guides to NIJ's approach to criminal justice research and development. (See section V of this solicitation for instructions on obtaining these and related documents.) NIJ's extramural research program, which engages some of the Nation's best researchers and technologists, uses two types of funding strategies: the directed solicitation and the investigator-initiated solicitation. These solicitations differ extensively in the amount of discretion allowed to applicants. Directed solicitations are narrowly focused in order to address specific research and development topics, technologies, or criminal justice applications under specific NIJ programs. They are released intermittently throughout the year and specify a project goal, may indicate methods or sites to be considered and sites to be examined, and dictate project start and end dates. The investigator-initiated solicitation invites applicants to submit proposals that will help the Institute address general themes related to the NIJ mission. The investigator-initiated research and development program is the most flexible of the Institute's funding opportunities. II. Investigator-Initiated Research and Development Program Twice a year, NIJ receives and reviews research and/or technology development proposals that respond to the broad mandate of the Institute's solicitation for investigator-initiated research and development. Under this program, applicants may submit proposals to explore any topic relevant to State and/or local criminal justice policy or practice. In recent years, the investigator-initiated solicitation has stimulated proposals directed at a broad range of topics, including violent crime, alcohol- and drug-related crime, community crime prevention, criminal justice system improvement, forensic science research (such as DNA testing), and technology development (such as innovations in less-than-lethal devices, concealed weapons detection, and body armor). Under this investigator-initiated solicitation, the Institute generally awards 1- to 2-year grants ranging between $25,000 and $300,000. Proposals seeking funding of less than $50,000 are considered "small grants," which are available for the same research areas appropriate for larger grants. Applicants for small grants are required to limit the program narrative section of their proposal to a total of 15 double-spaced pages, rather than the usual 30. Applicants should obtain application forms and related guidelines and requirements (see section V of this solicitation). NIJ believes that many of today's crime problems require solutions extending beyond traditional criminal justice boundaries. The Institute continues to actively discuss and promote research collaborations with other Federal agencies and private foundations and has established a variety of research partnerships. Some of these manifest themselves in the form of special solicitations on specific products, technologies, topics, or programs relevant to both NIJ and its partners. Others encourage collaborative or interdisciplinary research and development and offer the prospect of joint funding. Still others result in the development of shared research agendas. NIJ encourages researchers and practitioners from all disciplines to explore the opportunities for collaborative efforts presented both in this publication and in directed solicitations, and to propose appropriate arrangements. NIJ particularly encourages coordination of research applications with submissions to other Office of Justice Programs (OJP) agencies' annual programs. III. Research and Development Themes and Topic Areas The Institute's specific research and development interests are constantly evolving in response to the needs of the field. However, the themes and topic areas presented here represent a fairly stable and broad vision of directions that the Institute intends to pursue during the next few years. Applicants may wish to direct their proposed research to the themes articulated in the following sections or to develop research concepts that build on them. Alternatively, applicants may wish to develop and propose research and/or development projects that fall outside the themes the Institute presents here on the condition that the proposal targets areas within NIJ's statutory mission. (Examples are intended to be illustrative rather than suggestive.) Rethinking Justice. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson created the Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and charged its members to "give us the blueprints to banish crime." The Commission's "blueprints," presented in The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967), exerted strong and persistent influences upon the activities of the American justice system. Since the Commission delivered its findings 30 years ago, the Nation has witnessed the development of stronger and more coordinated criminal justice operations, greater professionalism among staff and management, significant improvements in the delivery of justice, and the development of research-based knowledge about crime and justice. As the 21st century approaches, the country faces new challenges to public safety, new demands on the justice system, and a need for research-based assessments of criminal justice processes and practices. Under the theme of rethinking justice, the Institute encourages the research community to propose and execute studies that improve the delivery of justice and public safety by building upon the existing base of research and technology knowledge and by testing key hypotheses. Studies should examine ways to achieve the purposes of the justice system, such as swift and certain apprehension of criminals, fair and speedy trials, appropriate punishments, and concern for crime victims. Investigators could also consider new ways to conceptualize and deliver justice as well as enhance the responsiveness of the justice system in modern society. The topics indicated below are meant to illustrate ways to respond to this challenge and stimulate applicants to consider nontraditional research problems: o Redefining the missions of criminal justice agencies -- by incorporating nontraditional functions, by overlapping and coordinating services with other justice and nonjustice organizations, and by developing new models of indigent defense. o Involving the community in delivering justice -- through such means as community policing, community-based prosecution, and restorative justice. o Benefiting from victims' perspectives on justice system outcomes -- by exploring the implications of victims' rights initiatives and looking at communities as victims of criminal enterprises. o Exploring the role of the courts -- particularly community-oriented and outcome-focused courts. o Integrating justice concepts -- by improving coordination between adult and juvenile justice system processes and by combining legal strategies used in civil and criminal systems. o Incorporating technological innovations -- to reduce, prevent, or deter criminal activities. Understanding the Nexus. The existence of persistent relationships between crime and other social problems has been understood for several decades. The 1967 Crime Commission reports provided the first reliable estimates of illicit drug consumption. They discussed the uses of heroin, marijuana, and alcohol and the possible connections between these substances and criminal behavior. Other researchers identified links between crime and other phenomena, including poverty, illiteracy, and racial prejudice. Research of the past 20 years has led to a better understanding of these relationships and provided empirical evidence of links between high levels of drug consumption and criminal activity. Research has also identified relationships between child abuse and neglect and victims' subsequent criminal activity as well as between violence and mental disorder. Despite this progress, there are substantial gaps in our knowledge about the connections between crime and other social phenomena. Under the theme of understanding the nexus, the Institute challenges researchers from the social and behavioral sciences to explore and develop further the theoretical linkages between criminal activity and other social phenomena and to verify the correlations and temporal connections through empirical observation and analysis. Studies could examine the strength and consistency of the relationships, the dynamic sequencing of life events, and the persistence of connections between crime and these other conditions. Investigators might explore whether certain phenomena have only episodic or transitory connections to crime. They might ask whether conventional wisdom has overlooked additional phenomena or intervening circumstances that concurrently influence criminal behavior and other undesirable social outcomes. Below are examples of topics that the Institute encourages under this theme: o Effects of drug consumption on criminal activity and of criminal activity on drug consumption. o Connections between disorder offenses (and rule breaking) and the commission of felonies. o The influence of child abuse and neglect on the victim's potential for future criminal behavior. o Connections among such factors as community labor markets, unemployment, poverty, and race, as well as the development of criminal lifestyles within families and communities. o Juvenile drug use and the escalation of juvenile firearms violence. o Research on drugs and alcohol and their connections with domestic violence. o Involvement of juveniles in criminal infrastructures (e.g., gangs and consignment thefts). Breaking the Cycle. Much of the activity within the criminal justice system centers on recurring problems. Offenders are arrested, tried, sentenced, released, and rearrested. Police respond to the same locations month after month with no apparent resolution. Problems recur and offenders recidivate with great frequency and some predictability. In frustration, both criminal justice professionals and the public have coined such phrases as "revolving door justice," "career criminals," and "hot spots." Under its theme of breaking the cycle, the Institute encourages researchers and practitioners to experiment with practical solutions to recurring criminal justice problems. This theme is a logical extension of understanding the nexus. If research identifies connections between crime and other social conditions, then experiments should test policies that break the connections. This theme is largely evaluative. It encourages researchers, possibly in conjunction with one or more operational agencies, to test interventions to remedy recurring problems and report on the outcomes of those interventions. In all cases, investigators should articulate the problem to be addressed, the theoretical issues to be explored, and the nature of the possible intervention. When estimating their budget requests, investigators should note that NIJ policy prohibits the use of grant funds for operational, programmatic, training, or other nonresearch costs of the project. The topics listed below illustrate the range of interventions that NIJ is willing to consider under this theme; other types of interventions are also encouraged: o Interventions that curtail drug abuse in offender populations; interventions against drugs and violence. o Interventions in sex offender and spouse batterer behaviors. o Parenting skill interventions for parents and guardians in at-risk households and neighborhoods. o Recent welfare reforms and "workfare" initiatives and their impacts on delinquency in at-risk families. o Effects of eliminating "hot spots" on a neighborhood's quality of life and business activity. o Treatment of populations that shuttle between criminal justice and mental health agencies. o Interventions for repeat victimizations. Creating the Tools. Under the theme of creating the tools, the Institute asks applicants to help develop, test, and evaluate new and transferrable technologies, practices, and techniques for the criminal justice system. The Institute is interested in proposals to improve the abilities of State and local law enforcement, judicial, correctional, and other criminal justice agencies to perform critical missions or enhance performance. NIJ is interested in both the developmental function and the evaluative realm, including needs assessment and field testing of new technologies and their impacts on the performance of personnel and organizations. Improved and affordable information management within and across all justice functions is of particular interest. Technology programs and topics of ongoing interest to NIJ are listed below. Research on these and other topics is encouraged under this theme. o Nonintrusive concealed weapons and contraband detection technology -- developing low-dose back-scatter X-rays, passive millimeter wave imaging, low-intensity electromagnetic pulse technology, infrared imaging, radar and ultrasound, passive magnetic gradient technology, and low-frequency magnetic imaging are a few examples of NIJ-sponsored recent and ongoing developments in this arena. o Vehicle-stopping technology -- developing and improving police methods for pursuing fleeing vehicles, including use of stationary systems for checkpoints, police vehicle-based systems, and handheld portable units. o Investigative and forensic science -- developing investigative and forensic tools by broadening the application of scientific methods and technology to the identification, collection, preservation, and presentation of physical evidence from firearms and fingerprints, trace evidence, toxicology, odontology, entomology, serology, questioned documents examination, and DNA. o Enhanced DNA testing technology -- developing affordable, portable, and rapid DNA testing technology to aid State and local law enforcement agencies in conducting state-of-the-art testing to support investigation and prosecution. o Officer-protection technology -- improving the protective and safety equipment officers use, with emphasis on improving the degree of protection, comfort, fit, ease of use, and cost of such equipment as body armor, puncture/slash/pathogen-resistant gloves, helmet/face shields, and restraints. o Less-than-lethal incapacitation technology -- developing new or significantly improved technologies, devices, or techniques for law enforcement or corrections agencies to counter violent behavior and promote the safety of officers, hostages, arrestees, and inmates. o Information data management -- integrating State and local law enforcement databases with court and corrections databases so that they support all law enforcement agencies, irrespective of size, as well as corrections and other criminal justice organizations. o Counterterrorism technology -- providing data on potential terrorist threats, methods of detection and classification of explosive devices, secure communications links to State and local police, classification of chemical and biological agents, and interagency communications for crisis management. o Crime mapping and crime analysis -- evaluating, developing, and disseminating geographic information system technology, focusing on innovative crime-mapping products, including software for analysis. o Location and tracking technology -- evaluating and developing technology for continuous electronic monitoring of persons on pretrial release, probation, or parole and developing technology to implement global positioning systems to monitor specialized populations, including sex offenders and stalkers. o Secure communications -- using existing commercial communication infrastructures (e.g., the World Wide Web, cellular, and personal communications systems technologies) to support interagency communication and multilevel privacy to link law enforcement personnel (e.g., to their supervisors from crime scenes). o Noninvasive drug detection -- encouraging low-cost, noninvasive, nonurine-based technology - - such as hair analysis, eye tracking, telemetered perspiration, microassay card, drug abuse relay bracelet/patch, and noninvasive blood sensors -- for drug testing and screening. Applicants should note that NIJ's technology program focuses on research, development, and evaluation and does not support the purchase of routine equipment for criminal justice agencies. Expanding the Horizons. Criminal justice research has expended the majority of its resources on combating mainstream crimes as defined by the President's Crime Commission. At the heart of the Commission's interests were the common, everyday crimes familiar to all citizens and linked to public fear and anxiety. The Commission focused on stranger-to-stranger crimes like robbery, assault, and burglary. It also treated kindred activities, such as organized crime and drug crime, in detail. Familial crimes like domestic violence and child abuse were not significant parts of the Commission's inquiry, nor did members concentrate on white-collar fraud, financial swindles, smuggling, political corruption, or transnational crime. Computer crimes and environmental crimes had barely been discovered in 1967 and are still neglected areas of study. The Institute, under its theme of expanding the horizons, asks the research and development community to move beyond traditional definitions of crime and criminal relationships. Investigators can consider how better to describe and classify new criminal events, to develop methods of deterrence that will improve the public's sense of well-being, and to identify new threats to public safety that will continue into the 21st century. They might also consider new, nontraditional forms of criminal enterprise, including new criminal marketplaces. NIJ is also strongly interested in new approaches law enforcement or other agencies can adopt to combat crime of all definitions. The topics below indicate some of the many possibilities worthy of study in this area: o Interconnections among criminal agents -- including the fencing and smuggling of stolen goods and the vertical integration of crime markets. o Transnational crime -- in which crime and crime control efforts extend beyond national boundaries. Research projects could involve the exploration of links to transnational crime in immigrant communities and the fostering of international investigative and prosecutorial collaborations. o Cybercrimes -- the use of computer technology to commit and facilitate crimes. Methods need to be developed to detect and prosecute cybercrime, fraud, and computer hacking. o Collaboration between law enforcement and nontraditional partners such as correctional agencies. Research could explore creative partnerships with nonjustice organizations such as health services, private corporations, public housing, and transportation authorities. o Innovative sanctions for corporate fraud, environmental pollution, and corruption. o Investigation and prosecution of, and punishment for, personal fraud, scams, and con games. IV. Selection Criteria NIJ is firmly committed to the competitive process for awarding grants. All proposals are subjected to an independent, peer-review panel evaluation. The peer-review panel consists of members with academic, practitioner, technical, and operational expertise in the subject areas of the solicitation. Selection criteria used to evaluate proposals are as follows: 1. Quality and Technical Merit o Soundness of methodology, analytic, or technical approach. o Innovation and creativity. o Feasibility of proposed project; awareness of pitfalls. o Awareness of existing research and related applications. 2. Impact of the Project o Understanding importance of the problem. o Potential for significant advance in crime prevention, law enforcement, courts, corrections, or other practice or policy areas. o Potential for advancement of scientific understanding of the problem area. o Relevance to practice, including development and demonstration in application domains (if applicable). o Affordable end products (if applicable). 3. Capabilities, Demonstrated Productivity, and Experience of Applicants o Qualifications and experience of personnel as related to proposed project. o Responsiveness to the goals of the solicitation. o Demonstrated ability to manage proposed effort. o Adequacy of proposed resources to perform effort. 4. Budget Considerations o Total cost relative to perceived benefit. o Appropriate budgets and level of effort. o Use of existing resources to conserve costs. o Cost-effectiveness of program or product for application in the criminal justice system (if applicable). After peer-review panelists' consideration, Institute staff make recommendations to NIJ's Director based on the results of the independent reviews. Final decisions are made by the NIJ Director following consultation with Institute staff. V. Application Information Persons interested in submitting research proposals under this solicitation must submit the required application materials. (See below for instructions on obtaining application forms and guidelines.) Applications must include the following information or completed forms to qualify for funding: 1. Topic and Thematic Area Designation form (at the end of this solicitation). 2. Standard Form (SF) 424 -- application for Federal assistance. 3. Assurances. 4. Certifications Regarding Lobbying; Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements. 5. Disclosure of Lobbying Activities. 6. Budget Detail Worksheet.[1] 7. Budget Narrative. 8. Negotiated indirect rate agreement (if appropriate). 9. Names and affiliations of all key persons, including applicant and subcontractor(s), advisers, consultants, and advisory board members. Include name of principal investigator, title, organizational affiliation (if any), department (if institution of higher education), address, phone, and fax. 10. Proposal abstract.[2] 11. Table of contents. 12. Program narrative or technical proposal (not to exceed 30 double-spaced pages; small grant applications not to exceed 15 double-spaced pages). 13. Privacy certificate (where applicable). 14. References. 15. Letters of cooperation from organizations collaborating in the research project. 16. Resumes. 17. Appendixes, if any (e.g., list of previous NIJ awards, their status, and products [in NIJ or other publications]). Ten (10) copies of fully executed proposals must be received by NIJ by the close of business on June 16, 1998, or December 15, 1998. Proposals must be sent to the following address: Investigator-Initiated Solicitation [Topic area from the list at the end of this solicitation] National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 [ZIP Code if overnight courier service is used: 20001] Obtaining Application Forms. To obtain application forms and guidelines for submitting proposals (which include requirements for proposal writers and requirements for award recipients), applicants can: o Access the Justice Information Center on the World Wide Web: (http://www.ncjrs.org/fedgrant.htm#nij) or access the NIJ Web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/funding.htm). NIJ application policies and forms are available as electronic files that may be downloaded to a personal computer. o Request mail delivery from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 800-851-3420. o Make a request to the Department of Justice Response Center at 800-421-6770 (in the Washington, D.C., area at 202-307-1743). Other NIJ Funding Opportunities. NIJ's Data Resources Program awards funds for investigator-initiated research and development focusing on the secondary analysis of archived data sets created by NIJ grantees. A separate solicitation has been issued for this program. In addition to funding opportunities under NIJ's Investigator-Initiated Research Program, the Institute announces more specific requests for research and development proposals in its directed solicitations, which appear intermittently throughout the year. As noted earlier, these directed solicitations address more specific areas of research for which special funding is available. For Additional Information. The NIJ publications listed below provide additional information about NIJ programs, funding opportunities, and ongoing research. Prospective applicants are encouraged to consult these publications as they develop their proposals. All are available electronically from the Justice Information Center on the World Wide Web (http://www.ncjrs.org) and on the NIJ Web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij) or by calling NCJRS at 800-851-3420. o NIJ Research in Brief: NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1996 (NCJ 165701). o NIJ Research in Brief: NIJ Awards Under the Crime Act: Fiscal Year 1996 (NCJ 165700). o NIJ Research in Brief: NIJ Science and Technology Awards Under the Crime Act: Fiscal Year 1996 (NCJ 165586). o Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 1998 Research Prospectus of the National Institute of Justice (NCJ 167570). o Criminal Justice Research Under the Crime Act 1995 to 1996 (NCJ 166142). o National Institute of Justice Year in Review 1996 (NCJ 166584). o NIJ Research in Brief: 1997 NIJ Research Portfolio (Interim) (NCJ 166374). o NIJ Research in Brief: NIJ Awards Issued in Response to Fiscal Year 1997 Solicitations (NCJ 167576). Applicants may wish to discuss their potential research topics with NIJ program staff. Those who wish to do so should contact the Department of Justice Response Center at 800-421-6770. Center staff can provide additional guidance and information to potential applicants and refer them to an appropriate NIJ professional. However, applicants are expected to obtain and carefully read application forms and proposal guidelines in advance. SL000240 Notes 1. When estimating budget requests, investigators should note that NIJ policy prohibits the use of grant funds for operational, training, or other nonresearch costs of the project. 2. The proposal abstract, when read separately from the rest of the application, is meant to serve as a succinct and accurate description of the proposed work. Applicants must concisely describe the research goals and objectives, research design, and methods for achieving the goals and objectives. Summaries of past accomplishments are to be avoided, and proprietary/confidential information is not to be included. Length is not to exceed 400 words. Use the following two headers: (1) Project Goals and Objectives and (2) Proposed Research Design and Methodology. -------------------------------- Topic and Thematic Area Designation Form To facilitate assignment of proposals to NIJ peer-review panels, the application material includes this form for indicating whether an applicant is applying for a small grant (under $50,000) and for designating a topic area that most appropriately reflects the reviewer expertise needed to review the proposal. PLEASE MARK THE MOST APPROPRIATE BOXES BELOW AND INCLUDE THIS FORM AS THE TOP SHEET OF YOUR APPLICATION. Check one: Small grant Other grant Check one: Social Sciences Physical Sciences Topics Corrections Courts and prosecution Violence and other criminal behaviors Domestic violence and violence against women Victims of crime Situational crime prevention Juvenile and community crime prevention Policing practices Police organization and administration Other police and law enforcement topics Firearms Drugs White-collar crime Child abuse and neglect Investigative and forensic science Noninvasive drug-detection technology Nonintrusive concealed weapons and contraband-detection technology Car/vehicle-stopping technology Enhanced DNA testing technology Officer-protection technology Less-than-lethal incapacitation Information data management technology Counterterrorism technology Crime-mapping technology Location and tracking technology Secure communications (telephone/radio/Internet) technology Criminal justice system studies Biometric technologies Other Thematic Areas Indicate primary (1), secondary (2), and additional themes addressed: Number of Priority -------------------------------- U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General U.S. Department of Justice Raymond C. Fisher Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noel Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Department of Justice Response Center 800-421-6770 Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij -------------------------------- To call or write for more information on the National Institute of Justice, please contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 800-851-3420 e-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org To obtain an electronic version of this document, access the NIJ web site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij If you have any questions, call or e-mail NCJRS. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Washington, DC 20531